Sociology Assignments ( Just Paraphrase ) Essay

Sociology Assignments ( Just Paraphrase ) - Essay Example Thus, it is unethical to force people to act against their will if they do not want to be part of the study. I will advise him to seek consent from the fraternity members. Failure to do so will compromise the quality of the study since there is no one who should be forced to participate in a study or secretly recorded since this should be voluntary. If you are asked to electrocute a stranger by Hitler, would you do it? Morally, it is not good to do something evil or harmful to another person fully knowing so I will refuse and would rather let him execute his evil intention alone. Scenario – Milgram’s critics are accusing him of exposing both innocent and naiive subjects under unfavorable emotional strain and pressure in his quest to gain knowledge through uncouth means. However, he justifies his actions by highlighting the difference between his naà ¯ve subjects and the man in the electronic chair. He argues that the naà ¯ve subject is free to leave unlike the man in the electric chair who is helpless therefore cannot move. The argument by his critics is more convincing since good research should not expose the research subjects to harm or emotional stress. The naà ¯ve subject is unsophisticated therefore cannot be used as a reliable source of data in a research. He was supposed to inform his subjects about his intended experiment and then reach a consensus. A good researcher does not use unethical means to gather data or to manipulate the data to suit his hypothesis. A good researcher always avoids bias. A good research on the other hand is not biased and it follows proper procedures where no one is harmed. A research can be defined as a carefully designed study that uses scientific methods to collect data in a bid to get answers from a particular area that is being investigated. The findings from the data collected are usually based on theory as well as the hypothesis of the study. There are

Lucy V. Zehmer Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia Essay Example for Free

Lucy V. Zehmer Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia Essay FACTS:W.O. Lucy, the plaintiff, filed suit against A.H. and Ida Zehmer, the defendants, to compel the Zehmers to transfer title of their property known as Ferguson Farm to the Lucys for 50,000$ as the Zehmers ad allegedly agreed to do. The families had known each other for many years and the Lucys had tried to buy the facility countless times, but to no appeal. After a night of drinking and badgering, W.O. Lucy was able to entice Zehmer into writing up an agreement that stated Zehmer would sell Ferguson Farm to Lucy for 50,000$. Later, Lucy sued Zehmer to compel him to go through with the sale. Zehmers argument centered on him being drunk and that the agreement was in jest hence the agreement was unenforceable. The trial court agreed with Zehmer, Lucy appealed. ISSUE:If a contract is signed by both the defendant and plaintiff parties, would the contract be considered unenforceable if one of the parties considers the writings in jest? DECISION:No. The Supreme Court of Appeals of Virginia reversed the rulings of the lower court saying that the writing was an enforceable contract. REASON:The court acknowledged that the writing was a contract. The fact that it was under consideration for forty or more minutes before it was signed. The fact that Lucy objected to the first write up because it was written in the singular; the discussion as to what was to be included in the sale, the provision for the examination of the title, the completeness of the instrument that was executed. The taking possession of it by Lucy without request or suggestion by either defendant that he give it back, are facts that show that the execution of the contract was a serious business transaction rather than a casual one. BASIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION v. AMAZON Appeals Court of Massachusetts, 71 Mass.App.Ct. 29,878 N.E.2d (2008). FACTS:Basis Technology Corporation, the plaintiff, filed suit against Amazon.com, Inc. The plaintiff company was responsible for creating software and provided technical service for Amazons Japanese-Language Website. Their agreement allowed for separately negotiated contracts so that the plaintiff company could provide additional services for Amazon. In 1999, the two entities entered into stock purchase agreements. Amazon later objected to securities that Basis sold. Basis sued for various claims including the securities and for failing to pay for additional services Basis provided that weren’t in the original agreement. During trial, it seemed as if the parties had settled based off a series of e-mails but Amazon reneged and the trial judge ruled against Amazon, which then appealed. ISSUE:Can a settlement be reached, and then be broken by only one party even if the two parties were bounded by such a settlement? DECISION:Yes. The Appeals Court of Massachusetts affirmed the trial courts finding that Amazon intended to be bound by the terms of the March e-mail. It constituted a complete and unambiguous statement of the parties’ desire to be bound by the settlement terms.

History Of Western Music :: essays research papers

Most of the early music that we have today still in print is primarily sacred music. This music, for the most part, is in the form of sections of the Mass, such as the Gloria, Kyrie and Agnus Dei. Most people of the Middle Ages were poor peasants who worked all day for meager wages and had no idle time lounging the way the upper classes did. Therefore, there are few extant secular compositions of music from this era. The rise of a new middle class, however, gave financial freedom for some people to spend time and money on entertainment in the form of music and dance. Thus, the rise of the middle classes also gave way to the rise in composition and performance of secular music, which became the music of choice for composers of that day. Many of the songs we have today of the Middle Ages were in Latin, and are by anonymous composers. Many were written by wandering people, many of them men and churchmen without permanent residences of their own. Men who could not obtain a position in the Church and had to drop out were called goliards. These goliards wandered around the land, composing and performing for people. Their music was mostly comprised of the "’eat, drink, and be merry’ type, appropriate to the wanton kind of life the goliards lived" (Stolba, 99). Carl Orff, the composer of the Carmina Burana, used the poems found in the largest surviving records of Latin secular music that we have today. The Codex latinus 4660 was held in the Benedictine monastery at Benediktbeurn. Many of the songs speak of love, many of them lascivious. Others speak of drinking, satires of the religious life and even liturgical plays. A few of them are even written in the vernacular of the region in that time (Stolb a, 99). Following the history of the era in literature, many authors were fascinated by the courtly tradition, chivalry and a higher love. Therefore, we have today musical compositions that speak of many of the same ideas. French composers wrote songs in the vernacular called chansons de geste . These songs spoke of the heroic acts performed by knights for their ladies in the name of love. The French have a national epic called the Chanson de Roland which related the life and death of Charlemagne’s nephew and his endeavor to rid France of the Basques.

Business: International Trade and B. Technology

BUS100 Sample Exam 1 Student: 1. Which of the following organizations is an example of the goods-producing sector of the economy? A. Ford Motor Company B. Florida State University C. Children's Hospital D. H ; R Block Tax Consulting 2. Which of the statements about demography is most accurate? Demographic studies: A. focus on factors that have great political relevance, but little relevance to business firms. B. suggest that the number of two-income families will decline in the future. C. rovide business and individuals with insights into business and career opportunities of the future. D. are an important source of information about changes in weather and climate. 3. Public schools, charities and government agencies are not classified as businesses because they: A. have not been incorporated. B. do not seek to earn a profit. C. provide services rather than goods. D. do not have any stockholders. 4. In order to make an intelligent investment decision, entrepreneurs should: A. limit their options to those business investments that are backed by the U. S. government. B. nvest in businesses that have generated a stable rate of profit for at least the past ten years. C. invest only in business opportunities where it is possible to take an active role in management. D. compare the risks of potential investments to their expected profits and find the right balance between profit and risk. 5. Which of the following entails the greatest amount of risk? A. Working for the government. B. Working for a large business. C. Working for a small business. D. Starting a business. 6. Which of the following policies would tend to foster entrepreneurship? A. establishing a currency that is tradable on world markets. B. establishing more regulations to protect the environment. C. developing policies to reduce corruption between individuals. D. allowing public ownership of businesses.7. When businesses sell to other businesses over the Internet, these transactions are known as: A. B2C transactions. B. e-wholesale transactions. C. B2B transactions. D. intermediate e-commerce transactions.8. Which of the following is an advantage of utilizing technology? A. Technology increases the cost of production. B. Technology reduces the need for a marketing plan. C. Productivity increases. D. Management becomes isolated from the demands of stakeholders.9. All around the world, countries are trying to create more wealth by: A. raising taxes. B. selling government-owned businesses to private individuals. C. restricting trade with other countries in order to protect local busine sses. D. attempting to attain more gold through foreign trade.10. ___________ means producing items with the least amount of resources. A. Efficiency B. Technology C. E-production D. Productivity11. In the nation of Equalia, many businesses are privately owned, but the government owns some of the basic businesses and has developed many social programs designed to promote social equality. The economy of Equalia would be considered an example of: A. pure capitalism. B. socialism. C. mercantilism. D. communism.12. __________ unemployment refers to those people who have quite work because they didn't like the job, the boss, or the working conditions and who haven't yet found a new job. A. Frictional B. Structural C. Cyclical D. Seasonal13. One benefit of the rights and freedoms of capitalism is that: A. people feel safe and don't take any risks in business. B. people are willing to take more risks than they would otherwise. C. eople don't have to choose where they will work. D. the pric es of needed products are always very low.14. __________ unemployment refers to unemployment caused by the restructuring of firms or by a mismatch between the skills of job seekers and the requirements of available jobs. A. Frictional B. Structural C. Cyclical D. Seasonal15. Which of the following statements provides the most accurate comparison of socialism and communism? A. Under socialism the government owns most businesses, while under communism the church owns most businesses. B. Both socialism and communism want to achieve a more equal distribution of income and wealth, but under communism the government takes more control over people's lives. C. Socialism strives for an equal distribution of income but communism wants income to go primarily to those who own and operate private businesses. D. Communism believes that the government should always strive to balance its budget, while socialism accepts deficit spending as the price of achieving true equality.16. A collapse in the n ational banking system of Lasia has resulted in a condition where prices are actually declining. This condition is known as: A. disinflation. B. deflation. C. contra inflation. D. overproduction.17. One of the most significant problems faced by communist economies is: A. a great inequality in the distribution of wealth and income. B. severe inflationary pressures due to rapid economic growth. C. too little government regulation of economic activity. D. persistent shortages of basic goods such as food and clothing.18. Thomas Malthus was pessimistic about the ability of societies to achieve high standards of living for most of their citizens because he believed that: A. the government had a natural tendency to run deficits that would eventually bankrupt the country. B. population growth would result in shortages of food and resources. C. owners of businesses would deliberately exploit their employees in an attempt to earn greater profits, and this would ultimately lead to a worker's r evolt. D. high tax rates would eventually undermine people's incentives to work hard and create wealth.19. Which of the following statements about the Federal Reserve System (the Fed) is most accurate? A. The Fed is an agency of the U. S. Treasury Department that has the responsibility of collecting tax receipts for the IRS. B. The Fed manages the U. S. money supply and interest rates. C. The Fed is the primary government agency involved in carrying out our nation's fiscal policies. D. The Fed is the agency of the government that ensures the U. S. maintains enough gold reserves to pay any foreign debts that result from international trade.20. The nation of Nadiria is in the midst of a terrible economic downturn. The nation's GDP has been declining steadily for over five years and is now at its lowest level in over fifty years. Nadiria's unemployment rate is at an all time high and the nation's CPI is falling. Nadiria is experiencing a: A. period of stagflation. B. balance of trade d eficit. C. depression. D. retraction.21. Mortavia is a small nation that has followed protectionist policies for many years. Which of the following would be an example of a nontariff barrier established by Mortavia? A. Establishment of a tax levied on imported goods so that foreign products are more expensive than competing domestic goods. B. Establishment of a tax levied on imported goods designed primarily to raise money for the government. C. Establishment of restrictive quality standards requiring foreign firms to make expensive modifications in their products before they can be sold in Mortavia. D. Participation in the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.22. The two basic types of tariffs are: A. goods and services. B. general and limited. C. comparative and absolute. D. revenue and protective.23. __________ is an arrangement whereby someone with a good idea for a business sells the rights to use the business name and sell a product or service to others in a given territory in a specified manner. A. Franchising B. Contract manufacturing C. Import trading D. Export trading24. The difference between money coming into a country (from exports) and money leaving the country (for imports) plus money flows from other factors such as tourism, foreign aid, and military expenditures is referred to as the: A. balance of payments. B. balance of trade. C. balance of money flows. D. exchange rate.25. The largest importer in the global market today is: A. Japan. B. Russia. C. Germany. D. the United States.26. The emerging nation of Lancerland has enacted a tariff on imported petroleum in order to raise money for their new government. This trade restriction is an example of a(n) ________ tariff. A. revenue B. rotective C. percentage D. fixed27. A Mexican firm has agreed to trade petroleum to an American importer in return for U. S. made computers. This arrangement is an example of: A. a letter of credit arrangement. B. a nontariff trade. C. arbitrage. D. barter.28. The â €Å"second wave† of offshore outsourcing refers to: A. moving jobs to South America in addition to China. B. moving skilled service jobs such as those in accounting offshore. C. moving jobs to India in addition to China. D. moving manufacturing jobs offshore.29. One advantage of free trade is: A. jobs are shifted to low-wage global markets. B. service jobs are moved overseas. C. advanced production operations are built in low-wage countries. D. innovation for new products occurs and keeps firms competitively challenged.30. Casey is typical of many U. S. businesspeople. Casey feels the U. S. culture should be the model for the rest of the world, and that the â€Å"American way† of doing things is the best. Casey is guilty of: A. ethnic plagiarism. B. ethnocentricity. C. culture shock. D. counter culture.31. After developing a code of ethics, it should be communicated to: A. everyone with whom the business has dealings. B. the Attorney General in jurisdictions where the business has operations. C. all levels of management. D. stockholders.32. Management and employees at Boyer Enterprises are given time off each year to work in local charities. This firm clearly practices: A. corporate philanthropy. B. social irresponsibility. C. community mediation services. D. participative funding.33. A friend offers to share with you a term paper she prepared for her Introduction to Business class last semester. When you tell her that it wouldn't be fair, she reminds you of your habit of reading an entire Harry Potter book at the local bookstore without paying for the book. Which ethics-based question would be the most helpful in evaluating these situations? A. Is it legal? B. Am I acting fairly? C. Who wins and who loses? D. Will I get caught?34. Environmental quality is considered to be a public good. This means that: A. ultimately it is the public that pays for environmental clean up. B. businesses have a responsibility to minimize their environmental polluti on. C. everyone enjoys a cleaner environment regardless of who pays for it. D. society places a higher value on private goods and services.35. The first step when facing an ethical dilemma is to ask: A. â€Å"Is it legal? † B. Is it balanced? † C. â€Å"How will it make me feel about myself? † D. â€Å"Is it ethical? â€Å"36. When working with international firms, U. S. businesses: A. tend to ignore the ethics of their international partners. B. expect socially responsible behavior from their business partners. C. feel that their responsibility is limited to the United States. D. try to avoid judging our international business partners by U. S. standards.37. Which of the following is the most important step to help improve America's business ethics? A. middle management support B. training C. enforcement D. identification of the organizational ethics officer38. The danger in writing new laws to correct behavior is that: A. people may begin to think that any be havior that is within the law is acceptable. B. people will see the difference between ethics and legality. C. legal behavior will reflect the totality of people's proper relations with one another. D. there will not be enough jails to house those who break the law.39. Critics of corporate social responsibility view spending money on CSR as: A. a necessary evil. B. stealing from investors. C. important for America. D. moving toward capitalism.40. Obeying the law is ________ ethical behavior. A. essentially the same as B. the first step towards C. the opposite of D. unlikely to lead to41. One of the newest items on the Cajun Cookin' menu is a spicy Cajun-burger. Sondra was quite surprised to learn that how she made this burger was regulated by the: A. Federal Trade Commission. B. Food and Drug Administration. C. Federal Nutritional Association. D. State Board of Food Examiners.42. One of the reasons you bought your mom a name-brand mixer for Mother's Day was that it came with a full warranty. This means that: A. the mixer is guaranteed to last for 10 years with normal use. B. the mixer will make wonderful baked goods as well as pasta. C. the mixer will be repaired or replaced at no charge if it is defective. D. only the motor is covered by the mixer manufacturer.43. One result of deregulation in the airline industry has been: A. less intense competition. B. increase aviation related fatalities. C. higher prices for consumers. D. lower prices for consumers.44. You agree to sell your car to your neighbor for $5,000. You and your neighbor have provided each other: A. duress. B. consideration. C. an endorsement. D. an expressed warranty.45. Which of the following do school districts utilize to generate needed funding? A. sin tax B. sales tax C. property tax D. income tax46. The remedy for a tort is: A. imprisonment. B. a breach of contract. C. bankruptcy. D. monetary compensation.47. Which of the following protects the original work of authors and artists (i. e. , their books, photos, or cartoons)? A. a trademark B. a copyright C. the Uniform Commercial Code D. a patent48. The Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971) case established a precedent on the need to use job-related tests in employment practices. Similar court cases have been decided based on this decision. This is an example of: A. common law. B. statutory law. C. administrative law. D. criminal law.49. Which of the following is a requirement for commercial paper to be considered a negotiable instrument? It must: A. be signed in approval by a third party. B. contain a conditional promise to pay. C. be a promise to pay a specified amount of money. D. be an oral agreement between two or more parties.50. In which of the following does the creditor start legal procedures? A. debtor initiatives B. voluntary bankruptcy C. involuntary bankruptcy D. creditor restructuringBUS100 Sample Exam 1 Key 1. (p. 20)A 2. (p. 16)C 3. (p. 7)B 4. (p. 4-5)D 5. (p. 8)D 6. (p. 12)A 7. (p. 14)C 8. (p. 13)C 9. p. 12)B 10. (p. 13)A 11. (p. 41)B 12. (p. 47, figure 2. 6)A 13. (p. 36)B 14. (p. 47, figure 2. 6)B 15. (p. 42)B 16. (p. 47)B 17. (p. 42)D 18. (p. 31)B 19. (p. 51)B 20. (p. 49)C 21. (p. 76)C 22. (p. 75-76)D 23. (p. 67)A 24. (p. 64)A 25. (p. 60)D 26. (p. 76)A 27. (p. 74)D 28. (p. 81)B 29. (p. 62; figure 3. 2)D 30. (p. 71)B 31. (p. 97)A 32. (p. 99-100)A 33. (p. 92)B 34. (p. 106)C 35. (p. 92)A 36. (p. 108)B 37. (p. 97)C 38. (p. 90)A 39. (p. 99)B 40. (p. 90)B 41. (p. 585, figure A. 4)B 42. (p. 579)C 43. (p. 588)D 44. (p. 580)B 45. (p. 584)C 46. (p. 576)D 47. (p. 578)B 48. (p. 574)A 49. (p. 580)C 50. (p. 586)C

Use of Scientific Management in the 21st Century

Use of Scientific Management in the 21st Century Roberta Larkins Jones International University April 14, 2010 Abstract The 19th and 20th Century gives the foundation of the shift in management modeling. Frederick Taylor, Henry Gantt, and Lillian Gilbreth gave great insight into the need for a paradigm shift in business. The elements of this shift form the basis of the four principles of Scientific Management. The principles of Scientific Management and their use in the 21st Century are the elements of this paper. Use of Scientific Management in the 21st Century The management of an organization that has a structural system which clearly defines the functions of the departments, groups, and individuals can be defined by the term Scientific Management originated by Frederick Taylor. (Nelson, 2003, p. 1) The Encyclopedia for Business (n. d. ) defines Scientific Management as â€Å"methods aimed at determining the best way for a job to be done. (n. d. , pg 6). While the initial use of Scientific Management in dealing with issues of efficiency and productivity is rooted in the history of management theory during the 19th Century and early in the 20th Century, the same organizational needs are evident in business today and the usage of the fundamentals of Scientific Management can be used to effectively increase both efficiency and productivity in a 21st Century organization. The Pioneers Frederick Taylor, known as ‘the most in? ential business guru of the 20th century’ (154), began his journey into business in an apprenticeship to a patternmaker for a pump manufacturing company in Philadelphia. (Wren, 2004, 121) It is here Taylor has the opportunity to see firsthand what the employees are experiencing and make note of the elements of discourse. Wren describes the conditions as â€Å"worker restriction of output, poor management, and lack of harmony between labor and management† (2004, p. 122). As Taylor continued to adva nce in his career, he stood witness to instances of these same conditions in the employees at Midvale Steel Company. It is during this time in his career along with his desire to change those working conditions that he began the work in Scientific Management that allows him to make his mark in managerial history. Henry Gantt, also a mechanical engineer, worked with Taylor for many years and both were partners in the development the concept of scientific management, although Taylor is more widely recognized for the model. Gant’s influence provided fuel for a better understanding of human nature in the workforce by improving employee representation plans , improving the practices of human-resources, and cooperation by labor-management,. Wren, 2004, p. 165) The human side of management is also the focus of works by Lillian Gilbreth, who is often called the first lady of management. (Pioneers of Management, n. d. , p7). Together they were the driving force in the use of Scientific Management and the creation of human resource principles within an organization. The Fundamentals Taylor viewed busi ness as â€Å"a system of human cooperation that will be successful only if all concerned work toward a common goal† (Wren, 2004, p. 125). The four principles of Scientific Management address the initial concerns that Taylor witnessed. Hodgetts and Greenwood (1995) share the four fundamentals as (1) Develop a science for each element of the person’s work, thus replacing the old rule of thumb, (2) Scientifically select, and then train, teach, and develop the worker, (3) Heartily cooperate with the personnel so as to insure that all of the work is done in accordance with the principles of the science that it has been developed, and (4) Management should take over all the work for which it is best fitted than the workers, and allow the latter to handle the rest. (1995, p. 18-221) These fundamentals can also transfer into the resolution of the original conditions by increasing worker productivity, effective management, and creating a harmonious relationship between management and worker. Increasing Worker Productivity Embedded into principles one and two, are considerations for sound human-resource management today. Taylor anticipated the concept of matching the abilities of a worker to an assigned job. (Wren, 2 004, p. 129) Instead of developing their own approach to a job through experience, the employee will learn to do it the right way. Hodgetts & Greenwood, 1995, p. 218) plus trained in newer techniques which will allow the employee to be more productive in their output. Taylor’s belief in productivity was grounded in the idea â€Å"the real potential for increased output was not ‘working harder’ but ‘working smarter. ’† (Wren, 2009, p. 128). Hodgetts and Greenwood (1995) describe the ability to increase productivity â€Å"by training, teaching, and developing their personnel, this quality-driven organization was able to achieve substantial increases in efficiency and cost savings. † (1995, p. 220). Effective training assesses the training need within an organization, trains the employee with advanced or more efficient tools and techniques, then allows the employee to return to the organization and utilize their new skills thereby increasing the productivity of the employee. Effective Management The third principle in scientific management is presented by the utilization of effective management in an organization. According to Taylor, the principle object of management is to secure the maximum level or prosperity for both employer and each employee. (Wren, 2009, p. 48). Whether this is done by 21st Century talent management programs including bonuses and promotions, or 19th Century reward and recognition system, the inclusion of something that demonstrates to the employee that he or she is valued is essential. Harmonious Relationship The fourth principle of scientific management is to enforce the theory of workers and management coming together in order to run a successful organ ization. Part of this effort is in allowing the workers to become part of the solutions needed achieve higher levels of efficiency and productivity. Darmody (2007) shares that management now realizes that when workers are given the opportunity to suggest ideas, they will work harder in the implementation of and assurance in the success of them. (2007, p. 23). Taylor’s view of this is continuous improvement effort. Conclusion The four principles of scientific management were important in the 19th century and continue to be important in the 21st Century in business. An organization that has a goal to remain successful and competitive must incorporate all four components into the strategic plan. As the mindset of management shifts to deal with the internal and external forces of business in moving forward, a look back at the vision of Taylor, Gantt, and Gilbreth will assist the organization to succeed. References Darmody, P. (2007). Henry L. Gantt and Frederick Taylor: The Pioneers of Scientific Management. AACE International Transactions, 15. 1-15. 3. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Hodgetts, R. , & Greenwood, R. (1995). Frederick Taylor: Alive and Well and Ready for the 21st Century. Academy of Management Best Papers Proceedings, 218-222. Retrieved from Business Source Premier Database. Nelson, D. , (2003, Jan) Scientific Management, Dictionary of American History, Retrieved from http://www. highbeam. com/doc/1G2-3401803768. html Pioneers of Management. (n. d. ). In Encyclopedia of Business (2nd ed. ). Retrieved from http://www. referenceforbusiness. com/management/Or-Pr/Pioneers-of-management. html Wren, D. , (2009) the evolution of management thought (6th Ed). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons